As the country takes in terrifying images of the latest wildfires scorching communities in California, Oregon and beyond, Chief Scott D. Kerwood is thinking of the firefighters out working the blaze. He knows that as weary as they may be, many are continually running on empty, worrying more about protecting others than taking care of themselves.
While the business of being a firefighter is physically demanding – even when they’re not putting out house fires or dealing with other emergencies, putting out wildfires is grueling work. And it’s made even more difficult by harsh environmental conditions that cause physiological and emotional stress. That’s why Kerwood says it’s critical for firefighters to take breaks to hydrate, rest, decontaminate their gear and take other important steps to recover. If they don’t take the time to take care of themselves during those arduous emergency situations, Kerwood warned, firefighters, risk causing injuries to themselves and to the colleagues they are supposed to protect.
“The goal is that when they are done with this job, they can go home to their family at the end of their shift — or at the end of their career,” said Kerwood, who serves on the NFPA committee that reviews the rehabilitation guidelines and requirements spelled out in standard 1584.
Given that wildland firefighters are exposed to extreme heat and toxic substances for extended periods of time may make them vulnerable to certain types of cancer, heart disease, and other chronic illnesses. There are long-term performance and health benefits related to rehabilitation practices for wildland firefighters. Beyond helping to lessen the risk of serious illness, adding services provided on the scene may also help firefighters recover properly so that they’re ready for the next emergency.
Although fire professionals have been urging the rank and file first responders to use incident-based medical services, showers, decontamination stations, and other rehabilitation resources for at least a decade, the recent push to focus on wildland first responders may be in part due to what some industry experts consider troubling trends.
A recent study, for instance, suggests that drier conditions at higher elevations may explain why some wildfires have occurred in areas previously considered ‘too wet to burn.’ Ten-year data suggest that the average number of acres that burned has increased in some regions. In addition, regions are also seeing more and more residential and commercial developments built in wildlands. Because of these additions, it may be more likely that we start to see more of the 1.1 million career and volunteer firefighters in the U.S. putting out wildfires.
Hydrate, Eat, Rest, and Repeat
Firefighters who are seeking guidance or need to review rehab practices and protocols should consult NFPA standard 1584. The materials for this year’s Firefighter Safety Stand Down campaign include helpful studies and handouts on nutrition, mental health, exposure mitigation, and other issues. Kerwood said the first responders should also take the time to study their agency’s rehabilitation action plans.
“They need to be prepared to take care of their own safety, as well as that of the rest of their crew,” he said. “We should, when we check out our apparatus, for example, at the start of the shift make sure that we have all the rehab supplies we need on that truck,” including cooling towels, hydration packs, and breath analyzers that measure carbon monoxide levels in the body.
“Because existing rehabilitation protocols were largely designed for incidents in built environments that have rapid access to medical care, protective equipment and portable facilities, such as decontamination showers, firefighters deployed to wildfires shouldn’t assume that all agencies have the proper gear and supplies for those incidents,” said Nathan Trauernicht, chief of the University of California – Davis Fire Department.
“But that also doesn’t mean the first responders shouldn’t ask for what they need,” he said. “For example, if a department doesn’t have a decontamination shower on the trucks to clean equipment at the scene, firefighters should ask the agency to provide cleaning wipes.
“Still,” Trauernicht said, ”firefighters should follow the basics of rehabilitation every time they take a break. For starters, they must hydrate, hydrate, and hydrate some more — and if possible take electrolytes. Because they burn tons of calories, they should eat foods that help replenish them. Their rehab routine should also include oxygen, blood pressure, and heart rate checks.
Rest, of course, is a must. And if firefighters need grief counseling or other mental health services, they should ask for them.”
More Improvements Needed
According to Kerwood and Trauernicht, while it’s very important for firefighters to diligently follow wildfire rehabilitation practices, they also urge first responders to stay physically and mentally fit. Being disciplined about their exercise, water intake and nutritional habits help them lessen their risk of injury or developing serious chronic illness.
“You may be off duty and not planning on engaging in your regular work activities, but when we send a strike team out, we start doing a station recall or several stations of recall,” Trauernicht said. “And you’re now in a position where you may be next out to go to a significant incident that’s going to require you to be nourished, hydrated, and rested.”
Kerwood and Trauernicht are among fire professionals who say agencies should do everything they can to protect the men and women in their departments who risk their lives daily.
Because it may become more commonplace for firefighters across the nation to work wildfires, Kerwood and Trauernicht said agencies need to accelerate changes to their standard operating manuals to keep up with trends.
They also would like to see administrators be more thoughtful about the protective gear and equipment they buy for their firefighters, because of the different environments they may encounter. For instance, the personal protective equipment firefighters wear for structure fires often isn’t appropriate if they need to fight a wildfire, because they can make them overheat. “When battling a wildfire, it’s about striking the right balance between protecting personnel from the obvious hazards of flames and the oftentimes the less recognized risk of heat stress,” Trauernicht said.
Manufacturers of protective personal gear and firefighting equipment should continue to pursue options that make it easier and safer for firefighters to work on wildfires. Trauernicht said he would also like to see additional research and emphasis on the development of respiratory protection solutions they would be able to use in those incidents.
As more and more studies shed light on the associations between the toxic substances firefighters are exposed to, the newer generations of firefighters are going to demand better PPE, Standard Operation Procedures for rehabilitation operations, and rehabilitation resources.
“If you look at the old photographs, not of just structure firefighters, but you look at wildland firefighters, and you see them with ashes and smudges on their face, and their gear’s nasty,” Kerwood said. “I mean, we all prided ourselves in that. Now, the folks that we’ve got coming in, it’s like, ‘Really? You lived that way?’
Our job as fire chiefs and fire service leaders, therefore, is to make sure ‘Everyone Goes Home.’”
And now that also includes fire leaders doing all they can to protect firefighters from heat stress, chronic disease, and other serious conditions they could develop from fighting fires.
Firefighting is a hot job no matter when you do it. But during the summer months, with all that extra heat and humidity, it can be brutal. How do you keep your cool — and cool down? Read on.
A blazing fire can be 2000 degrees Fahrenheit. In your heavy gear, the perspiration builds up and your core temperature can be as high as 160 degrees. After 20 minutes, you’re exhausted.Couple that with a hot summer’s day and it seems like there’s no relief in sight.
Here are some “do’s and don’ts” to help you cool down and stay safe on a hot summer’s day on and off duty.
Do: Stay hydrated.
Water is your drink of choice. (Or try coconut water which contains potassium, a great source of electrolytes.) Drink water whether you are thirsty or not. And drink it three days leading up to your shift—because it will help keep you hydrated. When you’re fighting an active fire, your body will evaporate 1 liter of sweat for each hour of work. Make sure to replace that loss by drinking electrolyte beverages as soon as you are able.
Don’t: Drink caffeinated beverages, sugared drinks, or alcohol.
Caffeine constricts blood vessels which makes you warm. Coffee, tea and caffeinated beverages are a diuretic, which means they cause you to urinate. Sugary drinks actually make you thirsty and can provide a crash in energy. Alcohol causes dehydration. Drink it the night before your shift and you will feel the effects the next day.
Do: Eat for the heat.
That means light healthy meals so your body doesn’t have to work as hard to process them. Include foods that help replenish electrolytes that are lost through sweating. These include watermelon, peaches, apricots, and radishes. Leafy greens also contain a large percentage of water, which helps keep you hydrated.
Don’t: Eat a heavy meal.
It takes a lot of energy for our bodies to digest a steak dinner. When our body breaks down protein, it creates heat. You don’t have to eliminate meat altogether; just take it easy and substitute more carbs.
When you’re in shape, you have a lower heart rate and body temperature. This allows you to adjust to heat stress twice as fast as your fellow Americans who are unfit.
Don’t: Push your physical limits.
It takes time to acclimate to working in the heat. Start gradually and increase over time. It takes about 10-14 days to get used to it. Listen to your body. It will tell you when you’re ready for a break.
Don’t: Run the air conditioner on the way to the fire.
The temperature change from cool to very, very hot can affect your body. Instead, keep the windows open and the air blowing but the air conditioning off on the way to a call.
Do: Use ice, water, and cooling technology.
Set up a bucket filled with ice water so that you can immerse your hands and forearms. Put a damp towel in the freezer and wrap it around the back of your neck when you need relief. Apply cold pressure to other pulse points: your wrist, chest, temples. Spritz yourself with a garden hose; dribble water down the back of your neck from your water bottle. Try a cold pack vest if it fits under your gear. But stay away from misting fans in a humid environment. They’re good for dry environments, but in high humidity, these fans can increase the chance of burns.
More than 700 people die each year from the heat. If you are feeling warm, light-headed or experiencing muscle cramps, get out of your jacket to let the heat escape. Apply icepacks to your forearms.
If you experience any of the symptoms of heatstroke, seek help immediately:
Body temperature above 103 Fahrenheit
Dizziness
Nausea
Headache
Red, hot and dry skin
Rapid heartbeat
Confusion
For more information on First Responder heat stress prevention, click here.
This article is furnished by California Casualty, providing auto and home insurance to educators, law enforcement officers, firefighters, and nurses. Get a quote at 1.866.704.8614 or www.calcas.com.
Late summer riding beckons; open roads, open skies, long days, and beautiful sunsets. The flipside? Extreme heat. And also a transition period of reacquainting yourself with the roads and traffic. Use these tips to keep your bike and yourself cool and safe.
For Your Bike
Keeping your ride cool and running smoothly through the summer usually entails a little extra maintenance. Here are some of the priority areas to fitness-check before setting out.
Tires – Tire blowouts are usually caused by underinflated, rather than overinflated, tires. Make sure to inflate to the manufacturer’s recommended PSI. And remember that high external temps cause tire pressure to increase due to expanding gas. Check them each week and adjust as necessary. Also keep an eye on the tires’ condition, looking for any cracks, punctures, bulges, or worn tread.
Fluids – Check oil, brake, coolant, hydraulic fluids, and their reservoirs for debris, condensation, and discoloration or changed consistency. Get them changed if they’re due. Check the water pump and hoses regularly for leaks, cracks, and tears. Pro tip: cover your radiator to keep the engine cool (and protect it from dirt, bugs and UV rays). On the hottest days, avoid stationary idling to prevent engine overheating.
Gas tank – If your bike has been sitting all winter with fuel in the tank, it might not start up. Drain the tank — if there’s any brown grit in the fuel, your tank has probably rusted. You can take it to a mechanic or DIY by flushing with acid remover. After cleaning, treat the new gasoline with a fuel stabilizer.
Electrical connections – If your electrical connections aren’t secure, the moisture from humid environments can short the connection and stop your bike from functioning. Inspect all wires and connections to components (including battery) and fasten any loose ones. If they’re corroded, it’s best to replace them.
For You
Riding in extreme heat can increase your chance of health risks, overheating, and accident risk. Follow these tips to stay safe and comfortable.
Hydration – Staying hydrated is one of the best preventive measures for summer riding. Drink water at every stop and consider purchasing a CamelBak for extended rides. Avoid alcohol, as it can easily dehydrate you.
Sun safety – Even if it’s overcast, you’re still getting hit by UV rays. Wear sunscreen and reapply to exposed skin as often as possible.
Clothing – Safe riding means extra layers, even in the summer heat. Here are some hacks to keep you cool in your gear.
Form-fitting sportswear can keep your body temperature down – look for moisture-wicking fabric.
A lightweight base layer under your jacket and pants can prevent discomfort and keep you dry.
When leather pants are too hot, check out specialized jeans that have Kevlar fabric lining and other safety components. Never wear shorts.
Opt for ventilated summer-weight boots, which allow airflow to cool the feet and ankles.
Mesh-backed gloves will let you grip the handles while allowing for ventilation – as well as hand protection in case of a fall or skid.
There are options for jackets that protect while keeping you comfortable in the heat. Ventilated jackets with mesh panels allow for aeration, and many perforated leather jackets come with zip vents, which help you release body heat.
A proper helmet – required by law in all but 3 states – is safety rule number one. Investing in a breathable, lightweight and ventilated helmet will keep your head (and by extension, your body) cool and protected. The best ones are usually carbon fiber.
Get Re-Accustomed to the Road
If you’ve been traveling mostly by car and are just getting back to the roads on 2 wheels, give yourself some time to re-adjust. You no longer have the wrap-around metal protection of a vehicle, and you may need to fine-tune your reaction time for sharing the road with cars.
Most motorcycle accidents are attributed to unsafe lane changes, car doors, speeding, sudden stops, left-turn accidents, and lane splitting, among others, so make sure you’re visible to the cars around you.
Finally, know the signs of heat stress (check out our article here). It can come on suddenly, so knowledge and prevention are your tools to stay cool and healthy.
This article is furnished by California Casualty, providing auto and home insurance to educators, law enforcement officers, firefighters, and nurses. Get a quote at 1.866.704.8614 or www.calcas.com.
When fire breaks out, every second counts. Knowing exactly what to do—and what to avoid—can mean the difference between safety and tragedy. Whether you’re at home, at work, or out in public, understanding how to respond in a fire emergency gives you the power to act quickly, protect loved ones, and make it out safely.
Understanding the Phases of a Fire
Before you can respond effectively, it helps to understand how a fire behaves. Fires move through distinct phases, though the timing can vary depending on what is burning and where the fire occurs:
Incipient Phase – This is the very beginning, when the fire first ignites. If detected quickly, it may still be possible to put it out safely with the right tools.
Growth Phase – Flames spread, heat builds rapidly, and conditions begin to change. This is when a small fire can suddenly get out of control.
Fully Developed Phase – At its peak intensity, a fire consumes all available fuel, producing thick smoke and toxic gases. Escape is the only safe option.
Decay Phase – As the fire runs out of fuel, flames and heat decrease, but smoke and gases can still be dangerous.
What to Do in a Fire Emergency
When you encounter fire, your actions need to be quick, calm, and deliberate. Here are the key “Do’s” to remember:
1. Act Early if It’s Safe
If you catch the fire in its earliest stage (the incipient phase), and you have the right type of extinguisher, you may be able to stop it from spreading. Always aim the extinguisher at the base of the flames, not the middle or top.
In the kitchen:
Turn off the heat source.
Smother small stovetop flames with a metal lid, baking sheet, or fire blanket.
Use baking soda or salt on grease fires—but never water or flour.
If a fire starts inside your oven or microwave, keep the door closed. The lack of oxygen will usually cause the fire to die down.
If the fire is spreading quickly, do not try to fight it. Get out immediately and call 911.
2. Get to Safety
Plan for at least two exits from every room in your home. Fires often make the most obvious path unusable. Heavy smoke can quickly disorient you, so it helps to know the layout of your home by memory. Practice fire drills with your family so that everyone knows how to react without hesitation.
3. Stay Low
Smoke rises and carries carbon monoxide, which can make you dizzy or even cause unconsciousness. Crawling low to the ground gives you cleaner air to breathe and increases your chance of escape.
4. Stop, Drop, and Roll
If your clothing catches fire, don’t run. Running only fuels the flames. Instead, stop, drop to the ground, and roll back and forth while covering your face. This smothers the flames and helps prevent serious injury.
5. If You’re Trapped
Sometimes escape isn’t possible. If you can’t get out:
Stay away from doors that are hot to the touch.
Block smoke by placing wet towels or blankets along the bottom of doors.
Open windows cautiously, crouching down to avoid rising smoke and heat.
Signal for help by waving a flashlight or cloth out the window.
What NOT to Do in a Fire Emergency
Just as important as knowing what to do is knowing what not to do. Certain instinctive reactions can actually make things worse:
Don’t use elevators. Fires can cause electrical failures or trap you inside. Always use the stairs.
Don’t pour water on grease fires. Water splashes burning oil and creates explosive steam.
Don’t pour flour on a fire. Flour is combustible. Stick with baking soda, salt, or a fire extinguisher.
Don’t use water on electrical fires. Water conducts electricity and can cause electrocution.
Don’t fan flames. Adding oxygen only makes a fire grow.
Don’t stand too close or reach over flames. Loose clothing can ignite quickly.
Don’t move burning objects. This can spread flames to new areas.
Don’t aim a fire extinguisher at the flames themselves. Remember: always target the base of the fire.
Preparing Before a Fire Happens
While these tips can help in the moment, preparation is your best defense. Here’s how to protect yourself and your loved ones:
Install smoke alarms on every level of your home, especially near bedrooms. Test smoke detectors monthly and replace batteries at least once a year.
Create and practice a fire escape plan with your household. Make sure every member—children included—knows how to get out and where to meet once outside.
Keep fire extinguishers accessible. Place them in the kitchen, garage, and near exits. Learn how to use them before an emergency arises.
Know your insurance coverage. Even when you do everything right, fires happen. Having the right coverage can make the recovery process easier and less stressful.
This article is furnished by California Casualty, providing auto and home insurance to educators, law enforcement officers, firefighters, and nurses. Get a quote at 1.866.704.8614 or www.calcas.com.
Summer is here, and our four-legged friends are ready to make the most of it—soaking up the sun, chasing butterflies, and joining us for backyard barbecues and beach days. But while the season is packed with tail-wagging fun, it also brings a few hidden hazards that can sneak up on even the most watchful pet parents. From sizzling sidewalks to tempting picnic snacks, summertime can be trickier than it looks. Here’s how to keep your fur babies safe, healthy, and ready for all the warm-weather adventures ahead!
Barbecues, Picnics, and Parties
Nothing says summer like a backyard cookout—but it’s not always a pet-friendly affair. Popular BBQ foods like rib bones, corn on the cob, and watermelon rinds may seem harmless but can cause serious health issues, including choking and intestinal blockages. Onions, grapes, and alcohol are outright toxic to pets, and treats like ice cream and potato salad can upset sensitive stomachs. Also be mindful of wooden skewers and toothpicks, which can splinter and cause internal injuries if chewed or swallowed.
Remind your guests not to share their food with your pet. Instead offer pet-safe treats as an alternative. Supervise your furry friend closely, especially if they’re known for getting into mischief—or are particularly sociable.
Lawn and Pool Chemicals
Beautiful lawns and sparkling pools can hide serious dangers. Fertilizers, pesticides, and pool chemicals are harmful if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through your pet’s paws. Always store chemicals securely, clean up spills right away, and keep pets off freshly treated grass. When possible, choose pet-safe products that reduce the risk while still maintaining your outdoor space.
Dangerous Plants
Gardening this summer? Be sure your landscaping isn’t a hidden health hazard. Azaleas, lilies, rhododendrons, tulips, and daffodils are just a few of the plants that can be toxic to pets. Ingesting them can lead to vomiting, seizures, heart issues, and even death. Before heading out on a walk or letting your pet explore the garden, brush up on which plants are safe. (Check out our pets and plants blog for a detailed guide.)
Itchy and Stinging Insects
Summer means bugs—and lots of them. Fleas, ticks, and mosquitos can make your pet miserable and may carry dangerous diseases like heartworm and Lyme disease. Bees, wasps, and fire ants also pose risks, especially to curious pets who like to sniff and paw at anything that moves.
To protect your pet:
Use flea, tick, and heartworm preventatives
Check daily for ticks, especially after walks in wooded or grassy areas.
Eliminate standing water and trim overgrown plants to deter pests.
Monitor your pet for signs of bites or stings, such as swelling, excessive scratching, or difficulty breathing. In the case of a severe allergic reaction, seek veterinary help immediately.
Heat and Humidity
High temperatures and humidity can quickly lead to heat exhaustion or heatstroke, especially for older pets, overweight pets, or breeds with short snouts like pugs and bulldogs. Signs of heatstroke include excessive panting, drooling, and dry gums (a sign of dehydration). Your pet also may appear lethargic.
Always provide shade and fresh water and avoid intense activity during the hottest parts of the day. Never leave your pet in a parked car—not even for a few minutes. On a 75-degree day, the temperature inside a vehicle can soar to 100 degrees in just 30 minutes.
Also, be cautious of hot pavement and sand. Use the hand test: place your hand on the sidewalk for seven seconds. If it’s too hot for your hand, it’s too hot for paws. And don’t forget about sunburn! Pets can get burned too—especially on ears, noses, and bellies. Use pet-safe sunscreen, never human sunscreen, to protect exposed areas.
The Beach and the Pool
Many dogs love the beach, but it can come with unexpected dangers. Hot sand can burn sensitive paw pads, and ingesting sand can lead to a dangerous bowel obstruction. Sand can also irritate your pet’s eyes if it gets lodged under their eyelids.
As for water safety, not all dogs are natural swimmers. Never force your pet into the water, and always use a pet lifejacket, especially if you’re on a boat or near deep water. After a swim, rinse your dog off to remove salt or chlorine.
Fireworks and Thunderstorms
The loud booms of summer storms and fireworks can terrify pets, causing stress, anxiety, or even escape attempts. Prepare a safe, quiet space indoors where your pet can retreat. You can also try anxiety wraps, pet pheromone sprays, and soft music or white noise. For severe anxiety, talk to your vet about possible calming medications. And always secure doors, gates, and windows in case your pet tries to bolt.
Traveling with Your Pet
Planning a road trip with your fur baby? Keep your pet secured in a well-ventilated carrier or use a pet seatbelt harness. Never leave them unattended in a parked vehicle. Bring along water, treats, and poop bags, and schedule regular breaks.
Make sure your pet is microchipped and wearing ID tags with up-to-date contact info—just in case you get separated. If you’re flying, be sure to review your airline’s pet policy or check out our blog on flying with pets for extra tips.
One More Layer of Protection
We love our pets and no matter how careful we are, accidents happen. Pet insurance can offer peace of mind, helping cover unexpected vet bills so you can focus on keeping your pet happy and healthy all summer long.
This article is furnished by California Casualty, providing auto and home insurance to educators, law enforcement officers, firefighters, and nurses. Get a quote at 1.866.704.8614 or www.calcas.com.
